a. Propane, C3H8
b. Pentane, C5H12
32. -ane implies that hexane is an alkane.
33. Yes, each of these molecules are isomers of one another. They are composed of the same number of atoms, they are just arranged differently.
34. See drawing
35. Butane is the shortest-chain alkane that can demonstrate isomerism because it has four carbon atoms.
36. Both representations are correct because although their atoms are in different arrangements, the molecular formulas are the same. The molecules would be structural isomers of each other.
37.
a. See drawing
b. The straighter the chain, the higher the boiling point. Thus, the branched chain molecule would have a lower boiling point.
38. A short straight chain, and a short branched chain would have a lower boiling point, because the shorter the chain, the lower the boiling point. The short branched chain would have a lower boiling point than a long straight chain because straight chains have a stronger intermolecular force which causes a higher boiling point than branched chains.
1. Petroleum is sometimes cosidered "buried sunshine" because as a fossil fuel, it originates from biomolecules of prehistoric plants and animals. The energy released by burning petroleum represents energy originally captured from sunlight by these prehistoric green plants during photosynthesis; "buried sunshine".
2.
a. Potential energy is energy of position, or stored energy, which is ready to be released. An example of potential energy is the energy within a skate board on top of a hill.
b. Kinetic energy is energy related to motion. The skateboard going down the hill represents kinetic energy.
3. Chemical energy, another form of potential energy, is stored within the bonds in chemical compounds. When an energy-releasing reaction takes place, the bonds break and reactant atoms reorganize to form new bonds and release energy. If more energy is released than originally started with, the reaction is exothermic, but if less energy is released than originally started with, the reaction is endothermic.
4. A molecule of butane has more potential energy, it has more carbons than methane and a higher boiling point than methane. The bonds of butane are harder to break than the bonds of methane, resulting its higher potential energy.
5.
a. Potential energy.
b. Potential energy.
c. Kinetic energy.
d. Potential energy.
e. Kinetic energy.
b. Potential energy.
c. Kinetic energy.
d. Potential energy.
e. Kinetic energy.
6. Energy is required to break chemical bonds because it is what causes the reactant bonds to break and reorganize to form new bonds and energy.
7.
a. Exothermic. More energy is released than is required to begin the chemical reaction.
b. Endothermic. More energy is required to crack large hydrocarbon molecules than is released.
c. Endothermic. It takes more energy to digest a candy bar than the energy released after digestion.
b. Endothermic. More energy is required to crack large hydrocarbon molecules than is released.
c. Endothermic. It takes more energy to digest a candy bar than the energy released after digestion.
8. The product of a burning candle yields more energy than the energy to begin the reaction with an unlit candle. Since more energy is let off than required to begin the reaction, burning a candle is an exothermic reaction.
9. See drawing
10. The product of a burning candle yields more energy than the energy to begin the reaction with an unlit candle. Since more energy is let off than required to begin the reaction, burning a candle is an exothermic reaction.
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